As in many fields, animal-level rats are preferred in the field of cardiology. Echocardiography is the most preferred imaging method because it is a non-invasive technique in cardiac imaging and provides extensive information about heart structure and function. For this purpose, two-dimensional (2D) mode, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography are used to evaluate cardiac structure and capacities in healthy rats; standard echocardiographic values and normal reference ranges are established for each. 30 healthy adult colored rats weighing an average of 400-550 grams were used in the study. As an anesthetic agent, rats receive xylazine (0.05 ml / 100 grams) intramuscularly. Standard echocardiographic evaluation of rats was performed using two-dimensional (2D) mode, M-mode, and Doppler echocardiography methods from 5 different windows, parasternal and apical, using a HasvetVetus 5exp Doppler device and 10 mHz probe. The rats that were part of the study had a full echocardiography evaluation. You can find the reference ranges for the left ventricle’s (LV) end-diastolic diameter, end-systolic diameter, interventricular septum’s diastolic and systolic measurements, posterior wall’s diastolic and end-systolic measurements, left atrium’s diameter, and emerging aorta. It was decided that cardiac functions may duplicate specific ranges, such as the left ventricle (LV) diastolic and end-systolic volume, the left ventricular (LV) stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricular (LV) fractional shortening, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).

The Future of Scientific Publishing: Trends and Innovations
Introduction: Scientific publishing is constantly evolving, driven by technological advancements and changing research practices. This blog post explores the latest trends and innovations shaping the